Currently, nearly three billion people — 89 per cent of internet users — are under surveillance by advanced social media monitoring systems used by governments and law enforcement agencies, according to Freedom House. This number has grown rapidly in recent years, with many countries justifying these efforts “in the name of enhancing security, limiting disinformation, and ensuring public order.” 

“This could be ineffective and still ultimately not be in the spirit of free and fair elections," said Fenwick McKelvey, an associate professor at Concordia University who studied political memes during the federal vote.

Voters in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Quebec received robocalls telling them the election was a day later than it actually is.