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Nova Scotia has announced its green hydrogen action plan, calling it an “alternative clean energy source” and adding that we’re emerging as a region with “ample opportunity” to produce the product — in part because of our potential offshore wind resource.
The government wants to help create a green hydrogen sector in Nova Scotia that “produces local benefits from both domestic and export opportunities.” There currently is no hydrogen-producing industry in the province.
But what exactly is green hydrogen and how could it fit into Nova Scotia’s energy future?
David Neira studies hydrogen in his role as energy co-ordinator for the Ecology Action Centre (EAC). He says hydrogen is created by running an electrical current through water, which separates the hydrogen from the oxygen in the water molecules. The result is a usable gas with no smell or taste. When combusted, it emits water and heat, but no dangerous carbon dioxide.
From grey to green
Neira says the environmental impact doesn’t come from the hydrogen itself, but from how you produce the electricity that produces the hydrogen.
“If it’s coming from renewable energy, it’s green. If it’s from natural gas, it’s blue. If it’s coming from fossil fuels, it’s grey hydrogen,” he says.
Others use the term brown hydrogen to describe burning coal to generate the electricity used to make hydrogen. That’s the dirtiest option to produce it. Nova Scotia says it will use renewable sources such as wind to create the electricity needed. The hydrogen is identical no matter how it’s produced.
Neira says even using renewable sources would come with an environmental cost to Nova Scotians.
“We’re (EAC) talking to some of the communities located where renewable energy projects for production are going to take place. They have some concerns about the environmental impact of these windfarm projects in terms of land use and biodiversity because these are huge projects.”
Should it stay or should it go?
Hydrogen can be used as fuel for certain vehicles or shipped as an export fuel to markets like Germany. It’s also used to make the ammonia found in most agricultural fertilizers – greener hydrogen results in a greener fertilizer.
Neira says if Nova Scotia focuses on the export route, it will have little impact on the province’s goal to decarbonize electricity in the province by 2030. “We’re still depending mainly on coal to produce electricity in Nova Scotia.”
Increasingly though, renewable energy produced locally through land-based and anticipated offshore wind can be used to help clean the electricity grid in our own backyard. While Nova Scotia has plans to reach 80 per cent renewable energy and to move away from coal by 2030, our grid still includes around 60 per cent of energy generated by the burning of fossil fuels.
The province describes hydrogen as a “flex fuel” that could help provide energy during peak demand hours, or to strengthen the electricity system during a crisis. They also say that green hydrogen will likely be primarily an export product, as “the domestic market alone is too small for private developers to justify the risk and cost of developing offshore wind.”
Exported green hydrogen could be used to help decarbonize hard-to-abate activities around the world such as marine shipping, long-haul trucking, and air transport. This technology is still being developed but could make shipping greener. There is also the possibility that green hydrogen could replace diesel fuel – a potential game-changer for remote communities dependent on diesel for warmth and power.
Lab-grown power
Gurpreet Singh Selopal is an assistant professor at Dalhousie University’s Department of Engineering. Much of his work focuses on developing a more direct way to make hydrogen that would leave out any need for wind farms or solar panels, let alone natural gas or coal.
“Hydrogen is one of the cleanest fuels. This is my personal feeling: hydrogen has a huge potential to contribute to our natural future,” he says. “I would say more than 90 per cent of hydrogen is produced [around the world] using fossil fuels. We want to move toward a sustainable solution.”
His team at Dalhousie is researching how “quantum dots,” which are nanocrystals developed in the lab, could use the sun directly to produce hydrogen.
“Ultimately, we are trying to harvest the solar light, and we use that solar light to split the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen — and we then collect the hydrogen,” he says. “We don’t need any additional electrical energy.”
He estimates they are halfway to their goal and are working toward a usable prototype, though it’s still a way off. He feels that if the province is to build the hydrogen sector, it should be made as cleanly as possible.
Selopal says the resulting clean hydrogen could be used as storable fuel to heat homes, power vehicles, or to produce more electricity, ultimately leading Nova Scotia toward a cleaner energy future.
This story is being shared by the Climate Story Network, an initiative of Climate Focus, a non-profit organization dedicated to covering stories about community climate solutions.
Comments
Prof. Mark Jacobson is an independent energy analyst points out correctly that the energy from wind power should be used directly in Nova Scotia so we can do our part in getting off of our dependence on coal and fossil fuels and the idea that we have to burn something to get energy. There are better choices but this is falling on the deaf ears of our government.
-"What if the wind doesn’t Blow?" YouTube 2022
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNuIwYikgsw&t=1s
-‘No miracles needed’: Prof Mark Jacobson on how wind, sun and water can power the world, Carrington D, The Guardian 2023-01-23: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jan/23/no-miracles-needed-…
Agreed that green hydrogen can be an excellent back stop to variable renewable power sources like wind and solar. That's especially true when it's coupled with lower cost storage options which can fill in the small power gaps. Even better, because of the favorable geology in Nova Scotia, hydrogen can be inexpensively stored in salt caverns for months and longer.
Just a note that hydrogen is only "blue" if it is created from fossil fuels and the carbon dioxide created from the process is captured and permanently stored.
This new quantum process for creating green hydrogen sound interesting. Of course, the question is what is the environmental impact of deploying this new process at grid-level scale?
Some of the uses suggested in the article for hydrogen are unlikely or overblown, IMO. On the other hand, it seems like there are uses in steelmaking, which is fairly important. The stuff isn't useless.